WorkflowFinancial Close & Account Reconciliation

Accrual Automation

Accrual automation that hands you every month-end accrual as a cited draft entry by day one, checked so no cost is counted twice

Every accrual proposed with its proof by day one, checked so no cost is counted twice.

See one case, screen by screen ↓
demo64accrualsproposed overnight for one September close, $1,486,229.91, each as a draft entry with its sources
demo$72,666not booked twice4 proposals withdrawn and 1 reduced when their September invoices arrived after the cut-off
target100%of accruals with cited support, an approver and a reason code
targetDay 1accruals ready on working day 1, not day 3
In short

What is Accrual Automation?

Software that prepares the month-end accruals — costs incurred but not yet billed — from the systems that show them, and books them as reversing journal entries. Accrual Automation does this with eight agents that read open POs, goods received not invoiced, contracts, usage and vendor emails, propose each accrual as a draft entry with every input cited, and check it against invoices until the period locks. A staff accountant approves, edits or rejects each one.

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Updated

The problem

Why month-end accruals still take until working day 3

At every month-end the close team has to book the costs it has incurred but not yet been billed for: goods received with no invoice, monthly service fees, freight and staff hours, utilities, legal work in progress. A staff accountant rebuilds them on working day 2 or 3 from the open PO and GR/IR reports, a spreadsheet template and email replies from budget owners — replies that come late, or as a guess. Fees are missed when a contract renews, usage is estimated from last month's bill, and the rate in the formula is not always the rate in the agreement.

The risk sits at the edges of the cut-off. An invoice that reaches AP after the cut-off and is posted to the period while the accrual is also booked counts the cost twice. A reversal flag forgotten leaves a stale accrual on the balance sheet. A vendor billed every month with nothing proposed is an unrecorded liability waiting for the auditor's search. And the support the auditor asks for — under PCAOB AS 2501, how each estimate was made and from what data — is scattered across inboxes and spreadsheets. Next month the estimate is rarely compared with the invoice, so the same misses repeat.

typical6.4calendar daysthe median company takes to close the monthly books
typical4.8days or fewerto close the monthly books for top performers; the bottom quartile takes 10 or more
typical73%of finance teams still running a manually intensive, spreadsheet-driven close
Where a month's accrual hours goestimated
By hand18 days
With the solution2.8 days
  • Pulling the open PO and received-not-invoiced reports3 → 0.3 d
  • Emailing budget owners and waiting for answers4 → 0.5 d
  • Gathering contracts, timesheets, meter and carrier data3 → 0.3 d
  • Pricing each accrual in the spreadsheet4 → 1 d
  • Checking AP for invoices that arrived after the cut-off2 → 0.2 d
  • Approvals, the journal upload and reversal flags2 → 0.5 d

Estimated split of one staff accountant's hours on the month-end accruals for three entities, by hand and with the solution.

How it works

How a month's accruals are made

Eight agents scan, calculate, sweep and check every accrual; the accountant approves each one and only approved entries post.

What comes in
Sources inorders, receipts, contracts · usage, emails, AP inbox
Agents at work
Source scannerreads to the cut-off
Then
Accrual calculatorevery input cited
Completeness sweeperwhat is missing
Then
Policy checkerroutes and reclasses
Duplicate checkerwatches the AP inbox
Then
Posting agentreversing entries
A person decides
Staff accountant and close managerapprove, edit, reject; sign
What comes out
Cited draft entries
Posted, reverses day 1
Signed package
One case, step by step

One September close, from the cut-off to a signed package

Kestrel & Vane Group closes September for three US entities — Motion Systems in Dayton, Distribution in Memphis and Field Services in Austin. The cut-off was Wednesday 30 September at 18:00. It is Friday 2 October, working day 2, and decisions are due at 14:00. Here is the day, screen by screen, in the working solution.

  1. 0109:40 · working day 2

    The accrual team has already done the compiling

    Sam Patel · Senior staff accountant

    Sam opens Today and the accrual lead tells him what happened overnight: the agents read 1,842 open order lines, 214 receipts with no invoice, 312 contracts and 1,146 emails and proposed 64 accruals, $1,486,229.91. Since yesterday 26 are posted, the duplicate checker withdrew 4 because their invoices arrived, and 2 are with Nadia. In the centre is a stack of draft journal entries; on the right, every accrued-liability account against August, with one marked “Needs an explanation”.

    Accrual lead: “20 need you, $668,221.95, by 14:00.”

  2. 02The top entry

    A draft entry, and every number opens its source

    Accrual lead

    ACR-0917, Cobalt Logistics, September outbound freight: $86,400.00, Dr 5410 Freight out, cost centre 4480 Warehouse, Cr 2110 Accrued freight, posting 30 Sep and reversing 1 Oct. The calculation is 20 loads to Chicago at $1,380, 16 to Atlanta at $2,150 and 8 to Monterrey at $3,050, from transport agreement TA-2025-031 schedule B. Behind it fan out the PO, three receipts, the rate card and Cobalt's email; Sam clicks “20 loads” and the delivery receipt opens at the line.

    Receipt 5000412231: “20 loads delivered, each with a signed proof of delivery (POD 7731-0901 to 7731-0928).”

  3. 03The support pack

    What each agent did, in order

    The agents

    The support pack shows the agents' work on the entry: the source scanner read 6 documents up to the cut-off, the accrual calculator priced 3 lines with every input cited at 97% confidence, the policy checker applied close policy CP-4 — above the $2,500 threshold, within a staff accountant's limit — and the duplicate checker found no Cobalt invoice in the AP inbox or posted after the cut-off, and no open August accrual.

    “Agents propose and check; they never approve. Only an approved entry posts, and the posting agent cannot change an amount.”

  4. 04One question

    “Why no invoice yet?” — checked again, live

    Duplicate checker

    Sam asks. The duplicate checker reads the AP inbox for 1–2 October, 412 invoices, none from Cobalt; the 96 invoices posted to September after the cut-off, none for PO 4500121904; August's accruals, reversed on 1 September; and the other September proposals. Cobalt bills in arrears and its email says the statement comes on 8 October.

    Duplicate checker: “I will keep watching until September locks on Mon 5 Oct.”

  5. 05Decided

    Approved with a reason code

    Sam Patel · Senior staff accountant

    Over six months this accrual has landed within 1.2% of Cobalt's invoice, and the accrual lead recommends it as proposed. Sam approves: the sheet shows every input cited from 6 sources, the duplicate check clear and the policy check on account, cost centre and threshold, and asks for a reason code. He picks AP-01, “Supported as proposed”; a note, if he writes one, is kept in the audit trail.

  6. 06A few seconds later

    Posted as a reversing entry, and the next one is up

    Posting agent

    The posting agent checks that period 2026/09 is open for US01, posts with the support attached, confirms JE 1900045912 and schedules the reversal for 1 October in period 2026/10. Next up is Brackenridge Builders, a dock extension in Memphis certified at 62% against 45% billed: $82,620.00, which the policy checker moved from 6310 Repairs to 1590 Construction in progress because it belongs to capital project CP-26-0412.

    Posting agent: “It reverses on 1 Oct 2026, so Cobalt Logistics’s invoice will land once, in October.”

  7. 07What nobody proposed

    A vendor billed every month, with nothing for September

    Completeness sweeper

    The completeness sweeper compared 148 vendors billed every month with the proposals and found one missing: Telvara Communications, billed for 14 months, with no September invoice and no proposal. It raised ACR-0940 at the average of the last six monthly invoices, $22,815.40, to 6610 Telecom for the Austin office. The calculator's confidence was 71%, below 80%, so it asked a person.

    “Expected, not found: raised by the completeness sweep, not by a source document.”

  8. 08When only a person knows

    One clear question, and the answer becomes a source

    Accrual calculator

    Five questions went out this close, each with the evidence attached and a clock. Tomás Lindqvist in AP confirmed Telvara's bill has not arrived: “Telvara moved its billing to a new portal in September and the bill has not been released yet. Accrue it.” Owen Tse, project manager in Austin, was asked whether Ashgrove's milestone 2 design freeze — a $64,000 fee earned on written acceptance under SOW-2026-019 clause 5.2 — was accepted by 30 September. His reply is attached to the entry as a cited source.

    Owen Tse: “Yes, accepted by 30 Sep. I accepted the design freeze on 29 September in the project portal; the signed acceptance is attached.”

  9. 09Until the period locks

    An invoice lands, and the proposal is withdrawn

    Duplicate checker

    The duplicate checker compares every open proposal with new invoices every 30 minutes until September locks on Mon 5 Oct at 18:00. At 09:48 it finds Kendal Tool & Die's invoice KTD-11904, dated 30 Sep for September deliveries, covering the full $44,860.00, and withdraws ACR-0859. Earlier it withdrew Brightwater, Kinsel, Upton and Northgate and reduced Vellacott from $38,952.00 to $25,968.00. Sam can restore any of them, with a reason code.

    Duplicate checker: “$117,526.00 that would otherwise have been counted twice. I tell Sam Patel each time.”

  10. 10Before the package is signed

    Second approvals, one explanation, then her signature

    Nadia Okonkwo · Close manager

    Two entries wait for Nadia: Tallis Valley Power & Light, $171,244.80 for 2,184,000 kWh at the GS-4 tariff, over Sam's $100,000 limit; and Harrowgate & Lyle's $42,600.00 of work in progress, an estimate with no order or receipt, over $25,000. Accrued professional fees moved +86.5%, +$76,350, so policy 4.5 needs an explanation; the policy checker has drafted one, with citations. The September package opens for her e-signature once these are done and the accountants have decided the rest.

    Drafted by the policy checker: “Most of the rise is new: Ashgrove Engineering Partners’ milestone 2 fee of $64,000.00, earned on acceptance on 29 September.”

Who it’s for

Built for everyone who touches the month-end accruals.

The same September close, seen by five of the people who carry it — what their month-end looked like, and what it looks like now.

SP
Sam PatelSenior staff accountant, US close · approves to $100,000
Senior staff accountant
Before
Rebuilds the September accruals for three entities on working day 2 from ERP reports, spreadsheets and email replies. “I don't mind deciding. I mind rebuilding the evidence every month.”
Now
Starts the day with 20 draft entries that need him, each with its sources cited and its duplicate check done; asks the agents about any entry, then approves, edits or rejects it with a reason code.
NO
Nadia OkonkwoClose manager, North America · approves to $500,000
Close manager
Before
Second-approves the large and estimate-only accruals by email and asks why accounts moved before she signs. “Show me why professional fees moved before I sign.”
Now
Sees her second approvals with the reasons policy routed them to her, a drafted, cited explanation for each account that moved, and signs the month's package once everything is decided.
TL
Tomás LindqvistAP lead, Dayton shared services
AP lead
Before
Spends the close answering whether an invoice has arrived. “Half my close is people asking whether an invoice came in.”
Now
The duplicate checker reads his AP inbox every 30 minutes until the period locks and withdraws a proposal when its invoice arrives; he answers only what the inbox cannot tell.
MH
Margaret HalloranController, North America · approves above $500,000
Controller
Before
Accountable for the close and for meeting the auditors, with little measure of how good last month's estimates were. “If the auditor can test it from the screen, it's done.”
Now
Gets a monthly true-up of every large accrual against its invoice, with each miss explained, and decides which method changes the true-up analyst proposes go into the next close.
JP
Joanne PikeInternal audit · read only
Internal audit
Before
Tests the accrual control every quarter and has to piece the support together. “I want the support pack, not a story.”
Now
Reads every proposal, decision and agent step in an append-only trail with its evidence, and exports it for testing; she can see everything and change nothing.
Built on the engine

8 agents. Each with one job, and hard limits.

Eight agents scan, calculate, sweep and check every accrual; the accountant approves each one and only approved entries post.

Accrual lead

Runs the overnight plan after the cut-off, talks with the accountant about each proposal in the conversation beside the stack and drafts the month's accrual report.

  • Never decides an accrual and never posts
  • Cites every number it states
Source scanner

Reads open order lines, goods and service receipts, contracts with periodic fees or milestones, usage feeds — meters, timesheets, carrier loads — and the close mailbox up to the cut-off, and links each finding to its document and passage.

  • Read only: writes to no system
  • Reads past the cut-off only to check duplicates
Accrual calculator

Computes each amount — quantity × rate, fee × period, progress less billed, usage × tariff, the vendor's estimate — with every input cited, and asks the budget owner one clear question when only a person knows the fact.

  • Never uses an input it cannot cite
  • Marks estimate-only items
Completeness sweeper

Looks for costs that should be there and are not: vendors billed every month and contracts with fees that have nothing proposed, compared against 14 months of invoices.

  • Never proposes above the run-rate without a source
  • Raises a gap as “Expected, not found”, with the history cited
Policy checker

Applies the close policy: the threshold, the approval route, capital or expense, and a drafted explanation for any account that moved more than 15% and $50,000.

  • Never changes the policy
  • Reclasses only with the reason shown
Duplicate checker

Checks every proposal against the AP inbox, invoices posted after the cut-off, open accruals and the other proposals, keeps watching every 30 minutes until the period locks, and withdraws or reduces a proposal when its invoice arrives.

  • Never approves
  • Withdraws or reduces only with the invoice cited; a person can restore
Posting agent

Posts approved entries to the ERP as reversing journals dated the last day of the period, with the support attached, schedules the reversal for day 1 and explains an ERP error with a fix for a person to approve.

  • Posts approved, checked entries only
  • Never changes an amount
True-up analyst

A month later, matches each accrual to the invoice that followed, explains every miss over $1,000 with the invoice cited, measures the bias over six months and proposes method changes by vendor.

  • Proposes method changes, never applies them
  • The controller approves every method change
Accountant, close manager, controller

Reason codes, e-signature. The agents propose; a named person decides.

Ask in plain words

Ask about any accrual or account, in plain words

Ask about any accrual, account or source, or say what to change. Every answer points to its source.

Why are professional fees up 86% on August?

Accrued professional fees (2115) are $164,600.00 against $88,250.00 in August, up $76,350.00. Ashgrove's milestone 2 fee of $64,000.00 is new, earned on acceptance on 29 September; and Harrowgate & Lyle's work in progress rose from $31,400.00 to $42,600.00. Over 15% and $50,000, it needs an explanation under policy 4.5 — the policy checker's draft is waiting on the sign-off.

Which accruals are estimates with no order or receipt?

Five: Harrowgate & Lyle $42,600.00, Kittering Consulting $27,500.00 and Stourbridge Audit Advisory $18,000.00 from vendor emails, Quillfeather Translation $3,480.00, and Telvara Communications $22,815.40 from the completeness sweep. Estimates over $25,000 also need Nadia under policy 4.3.

How close were August's accruals to the invoices?

The 26 largest August accruals were $969,414.65; their invoices came to $984,443.00, so we were under by $15,028.35 (1.55%). The biggest misses were Harrowgate & Lyle, $5,525.00, and Kittering, $5,500.00. Over six months the bias is about 1% low every month. The true-up analyst proposed five method changes.

Every screen

The working solution, as it ships.

13 screens from the working solution, on its sample data. Pick one to see it large.

TodayThe accrual team's morning summary, the stack of draft journal entries with its evidence fan, and every accrued-liability account against last month.
Every number, its sourceA cited input opens the exact passage: here the delivery receipt behind 20 loads, with who read it and when.
The support packOne accrual in depth: the entry, the calculation, and what each agent read, calculated and checked, in order.
Asking the agents“Why no invoice yet?” — the duplicate checker searches the AP inbox, post-cut-off postings, open accruals and other proposals, live.
Approve with a reason codeThe reversing entry, its dates, the checks it passed and the reason code the decision needs.
Posted and reversingThe posting agent's steps to the ERP and the journal number, and the next entry: a capital cost moved to construction in progress.
Expected, not foundA vendor billed every month with no September invoice, raised by the completeness sweep at its six-month average.
Questions to peopleOne clear question to a budget owner or AP, with the evidence and a clock; each answer becomes a cited source.
Duplicate watchEvery proposal checked against new invoices until the period locks: withdrawn, reduced or clear, each with its invoice, and a way to restore.
Close manager sign-offSecond approvals with the reason each was routed, the drafted movement explanation, and the package signature.
Last month's true-upLast month's accruals against the invoices that followed, the bias over six months, and the method changes proposed for the controller.
Audit trailEvery action by a person or an agent, in order, with its evidence and a chained fingerprint, filtered and exported for audit.
Your rulesThreshold, approval limits, the estimate-only second approval and the movement test; posting and reversal locked by policy.
Governance

Built for the auditor's test of every estimate: cited, decided, signed, on the record.

Every number cites its sourceEach input on a draft entry — a load count, a rate, a meter reading, a percent complete, a vendor's estimate — opens the passage it came from, and every agent statement in the conversation carries its citations.
A person decides every accrualThe agents propose and check; they never approve. The accountant approves, edits or rejects each entry with a reason code, and an edit keeps the agents' proposal beside the person's figure.
Second approvals and a signed packageClose policy routes entries over the accountant's limit, and estimates with no order or receipt over $25,000, to the close manager. She accepts each movement explanation and e-signs the month's package, which opens only when everything is decided.
Only approved entries postThe posting agent posts approved, checked entries only, as reversing journals dated the last day of the period and reversed on day 1, and never changes an amount. Posting and reversal dates are locked by policy.
Withdrawals cite the invoice and can be undoneThe duplicate checker withdraws or reduces a proposal only with the invoice cited and tells the accountant, who can restore it with a reason code. Method changes from the true-up need the controller.
An append-only audit trailEvery action by a person or an agent is recorded in order with its evidence, each linked to the one before by a chained fingerprint, and exported for audit. Internal audit reads everything and changes nothing.
Configuration

Your close policy, not ours

The thresholds, limits and clocks every accrual is checked against are settings. Every change is logged with the name of the person who made it.

SettingDefaultChoose from
Threshold$2,500 per vendor and entityAny amount; items under it are listed, not accrued one by one
Staff accountant limit$100,000 (Inés Varga $50,000)Set per person
Close manager limit$500,000Any amount; above it the controller approves as well
Estimate-only second approvalAbove $25,000Any amount, for accruals with no order and no receipt
Movement that needs an explanationOver 15% and $50,000 per accountAny percentage and amount, against last month
Posting and reversalLast day of the period; reverse on day 1Locked by policy
ClocksCut-off 18:00 · decisions 14:00 · posting by 17:00Any time, with reminders to accountants, the close manager and budget owners
What the agents may doPropose; never decideLocked: the posting agent posts approved entries only; the duplicate checker may withdraw, with the invoice cited
Connections

Works with the systems a close already runs on

ERPgeneral ledger, purchasing, receipts and AP; read, and post through a post-only account
AP inboxread every 30 minutes for invoices that arrive after the cut-off
Contract repositorycontracts with periodic fees, milestones and progress terms
Usage feedsapproved timesheets, utility meter portals and carrier load events
Close mailboxvendor estimates and statements that confirm billing timing
Project portalmilestone acceptances that earn a fee
What it changes

The difference, in numbers.

Every figure is labelled: a target the solution is built to, an estimate, a typical published result, or a proven one.

target
100%
of accruals with cited support, an approver and a reason code
Todayspreadsheet + email
With agentsevery entry
target
0
costs counted twice: each proposal checked against invoices until the period locks
5 of 64
withdrawn or reduced in one close
target
Day 1
accruals ready on working day 1, not day 3
Todayworking day 3
With agentsday 1, 07:00

“demo” = seen in the working solution, on its sample data · “target” = the design goal, measured in the live solution · “estimated” = our estimate · “typical” = published figures (APQC cycle-time benchmark via CFO.com, “Metric of the month: cycle time for monthly close” — median 6.4 calendar days, top performers 4.8 or fewer, bottom quartile 10 or more; Adra survey via Journal of Accountancy, May 2017 — 73% in a manually intensive, spreadsheet-driven close; PCAOB AS 2501, Auditing Accounting Estimates, named as context). Kestrel & Vane Group, its entities, vendors, documents and the people named on this page are fictional — characters and sample data in the working solution.

Questions

What controllers and close teams ask us.

What is accrual automation?

Software that prepares the month-end accruals — costs incurred but not yet billed — from the systems that show them, and books them as reversing journal entries. Accrual Automation does this with eight agents that read open POs, goods received not invoiced, contracts, usage and vendor emails, propose each accrual as a draft entry with every input cited, and check it against invoices until the period locks. A staff accountant approves, edits or rejects each one.

How does it build received-not-invoiced (GRNI) and PO accruals?

The source scanner reads open order lines and goods and service receipts with no invoice up to the cut-off, and the accrual calculator prices what was received at the order or contract rate, citing the receipt and the rate. In the sample close, 214 receipts with no invoice became 31 proposals once receipts were matched to invoices already in.

How does it stop a cost being counted twice?

An independent duplicate checker compares every proposal with the AP inbox, invoices posted after the cut-off, open accruals and the other proposals, and keeps checking every 30 minutes until the period locks. When an invoice arrives it withdraws the proposal, or reduces it if the invoice covers only part, with the invoice cited. The accountant can restore it with a reason code.

Does it find accruals nobody proposed?

Yes. The completeness sweeper compares vendors billed every month and contracts with fees against the month's proposals and invoices. In the sample close it found Telvara Communications, billed for 14 months with nothing for September, and raised it at the six-month average as “Expected, not found” — the search for unrecorded liabilities, before the auditor runs it.

Can our auditors test each accrual?

Each accrual carries a support pack: the entry, the calculation with every input linked to its source passage, the agents' steps, the checks, the approver and the reason code. The audit trail records every action in order with chained fingerprints, internal audit has a read-only view, and both export. That is the evidence an auditor asks for when testing how an estimate was made.

Do people stay in control?

Yes. The agents propose and check; they never approve. The accountant decides each entry with a reason code, the close manager second-approves what policy routes to her and e-signs the package, only approved entries post, and the controller approves any change to how a vendor's accrual is calculated.

Does it post to our ERP and reverse the entries?

The posting agent posts approved entries as reversing journals dated the last day of the period, with the support attached, and schedules the reversal for day 1 of the next. If the ERP rejects an entry — in the sample, one needed a WBS element — it explains the error and proposes a fix for a person to approve.

How long does it take to go live?

The Agentic Solution Engine builds and deploys it from your requirements and documents — your close policy, chart of accounts, close calendar and a past month of sources and invoices — and it goes live once every quality gate has passed. A guided setup connects the ERP and sources, reads the close policy and runs a dry run on last month; in the sample it would have proposed 61 of 63 booked accruals and found 4 that were not booked, without posting anything.

See it on
your month-end.

We'll run Accrual Automation on your own last close — your open orders, receipts, contracts and the invoices that followed.